![]() ![]() 1.7: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which it occurs.In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas the opposite process is condensation. In melting (or “fusion”), a solid turns into a liquid the opposite process is freezing. 1.6: Phase Changes Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow.It also forms a basis for the topics in the remainder of this chapter. Heat transfer is fundamental to such everyday activities as home heating and cooking, as well as many industrial processes. As we learned earlier in this chapter, heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature. 1.5: Heat Transfer, Specific Heat, and Calorimetry Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object.Thermal stress is created when thermal expansion or contraction is constrained. Thermal contraction is the decrease in size due to a change in temperature, usually a fall in temperature. 1.4: Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion is the increase of the size (length, area, or volume) of a body due to a change in temperature, usually a rise.The three phases of water (ice, liquid water, and water vapor) can coexist at a single pressure and temperature known as the triple point. Temperatures can be converted from one scale to another using temperature conversion equations. The three main temperature scales are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. 1.3: Thermometers and Temperature Scales Three types of thermometers are alcohol, liquid crystal, and infrared radiation (pyrometer).The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems, A and B, are in thermal equilibrium with each other, and B is in thermal equilibrium with a th Systems are in thermal equilibrium when they have the same temperature. Thermal equilibrium occurs when two bodies are in contact with each other and can freely exchange energy. It is proportional to the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a system. 1.2: Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured by a thermometer.They are studied in all areas of science and engineering, from chemistry to biology to environmental science. The laws of thermodynamics govern the flow of energy throughout the universe. ![]() The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. How we dress in the morning depends on whether the day is hot or cold, and most of what we do requires energy that ultimately comes from the Sun. 1.1: Prelude to Temperature and Heat Heat and temperature are important concepts for each of us, every day. ![]()
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